OmniPres Guide and Compendium

In 2004, Joy van Baren and Wijnand IJsselsteijn authored “Measuring Presence: A Guide to Current Measurement Approaches” as a ‘deliverable’ for the OmniPres project, funded by the European Community under the Information Society Technologies” Programme. A measurement compendium appears in that document and a summary appeared on the official OmniPres web site, presence-research.org. The Guide is available in .pdf format here; the tabular summary is reproduced below. NOTE: Links have not been updated and some are incorrect/dead.

Measurement Compendium from presence-research.org

Contents

Subjective measures
Questionnaires
Continuous assessment
Qualitative measures
Psychophysiological measures
Subjective corroborative measures
Objective corroborative measures

Psychophysiological measures
Neural correlates
Behavioural measures
Task performance measures

Subjective measures

Subjective measures: Questionnaires

Name	Description	Primary Source
Barfield et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 2-3 items	Barfield, W., & Weghorst, S. (1993). The sense of presence within virtual environments: A conceptual framework. In G. Salvendy & M. Smith (Eds), Human-computer interaction: Applications and case studies (pp.699-704). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cho et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 4 items	Cho, D., Park, J., Kim, G., Hong, S., Han, S., & Lee, S. (2003). Dichotomy of presence elements: The where and what. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003, 273-274. [pdf, 132KB]
Dinh et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 14 items	Dinh, H. Q., Walker, N., Song, C., Kobayashi, A., & Hodges L.F. (1999). Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 1999, 222-228. [doc, 420 KB]
Gerhard et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 19 items	Gerhard, M., Moore, D., & Hobbs, D. (2001). Continuous presence in collaborative virtual environments: Towards the evaluation of a hybrid avatar-agent model for user representation. In A. de Antonio, R. Aylett, & D. Ballin (Eds.): Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 137-153, Madrid, Spain. [pdf, 320 KB]
Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ)	Physical presence, 75 items	Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001). The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10, 266-281.
ITC Sense of Presence INventory (ITC-SOPI)	Physical presence, 44 items	Lessiter, J., Freeman, J., Keogh, E., Davidoff, J. (2001). A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 10, 282-298. [pdf, 308 KB]
Kim & Biocca Questionnaire	Physical presence, 8 items	Kim, T., & Biocca, F. (1997). Telepresence via television: Two dimensions of telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 3 (2).[html]
Krauss et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 42 items	Krauss, M., Scheuchenpflug, R., Piechulla, W., & Zimmer, A. (2001). Measurement of presence in virtual environments. In A. Zimmer, K. Lange, K.-H. Bäuml, R. Loose, R. Scheuchenpflug, O. Tucha, H. Schnell & R. Findl (Eds), Experimentelle Psychologie. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers. [pdf, 320 KB]
MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire (MECSPQ)	Physical presence, 2 x 8 items	Vorderer, P, Wirth, W., Gouveia, F. R., Biocca, F., Saari, T., Jäncke, F., Böcking, S., Schramm, H., Gysbers, A., Hartmann, T., Klimmt, C., Laarni, J., Ravaja, N., Sacau, A., Baumgartner, T. & Jäncke, P. (2004). MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire (MECSPQ): Short Documentation and Instructions for Application. Report to the European Community, Project Presence: MEC (IST-2001-37661). [pdf, 217 KB]
Murray et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 5 items	Murray, C., Arnold, P., & Thornton, B. (2000). Presence accompanying induced hearing loss: Implications for immersive virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, 137-148.
Nichols et al. Questionnaire	Physical presence, 9 items	Nichols, S., Haldane, C., & Wilson , J. R. (2000) Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 52, 471-491.
Object Presence Questionnaire (OPQ)	Physical presence, adaptation of PQ	Stevens, B., Jerrams-Smith, J., Heathcote, D., & Callear, D. (2002). Putting the virtual into reality: Assessing object-presence with projection-augmented models. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 11, 79-92.[pdf, 227 KB]
Presence Questionnaire (PQ)	Physical presence, 19 items	Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998). Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7, 225-240. [pdf, 100KB]
Questionnaire on Presence and Realism	Physical presence, 10 items	Parent, A. (1998). A virtual environment task analysis workbook for the creation and evaluation of virtual art exhibits. Technical Report NRC 41557 ERB-1056, National Research Council Canada. [pdf, 320 KB]
Reality Judgment and Presence Questionnaire	Physical presence, 18 items	Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Garcia-Palacios, A., Villa, H., Perpina, C., & Alcaniz, M. (2000). Presence and reality judgment in virtual environments: A unitary construct? CyberPsychology and Behaviour, 3, 327-335.
Slater-Usoh-Steed Questionnaire (SUS)	Physical presence, 3-6 items	Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. (1994). Depth of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 3, 130-144.
Swedish User-Viewer Presence Questionnaire	Physical presence, 19 items	Larsson, P., Västfjäll, D., & Kleiner, M. (2001a). The actor-observer effect in virtual reality presentations. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 4, 239-246.
Lombard & Ditton Questionnaire	Physical and social presence, 103 items	Lombard, M., Ditton, T. B., Crane, D., Davis, B., Gil-Egui, G., Horvath, K., et al. (2000). Measuring presence: A literature-based approach to the development of a standardized paper-and-pencil instrument. In W. IJsselsteijn, J. Freeman, & H. de Ridder (Eds), Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Presence, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Nowak & Biocca Questionnaire	Physical and social presence, 29 items	Nowak, K.L., & Biocca, F. (2003). The effect of the agency and anthropomorphism on users’ sense of telepresence, copresence, and social presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12, 2-35.
Schroeder et al. Questionnaire	Physical and social presence, 10 items	Schroeder, R., Steed, A., Axelsson, A-S., Heldal, I., Abelin, A., Wideström, et al. (2001). Collaborating in networked immersive spaces: as good as being there together? Computer & Graphics, 25, 781-788.
Thie & Van Wijk Questionnaire	Physical and social presence	Thie, S., & Van Wijk, J., (1998). A general theory on presence: Experimental evaluation of social virtual presence in a decision making task. Paper presented at Presence in Shared Virtual Environments Workshop, University College London, 10 – 11 June 1998. [html]
Bailenson et al. Questionnaire	Social presence, 5 items	Bailenson, J.N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A.C., & Loomis, J.M. (2001). Equilibrium revisited: Mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10, 583-598. [pdf, 640 KB]
Basdogan et al. Questionnaire	Social presence, 8 items	Basdogan, C., Ho, C., Srinivasan, M. A., & Slater, M. (2000) An experimental study on the role of touch in shared virtual environments. ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, 7(4), 443-460. [pdf, 204 KB]
CMC Questionnaire/Social Presence and Privacy Questionnaire (SPPQ)	Social presence, 17 items	Tu, C. (2002b). The impacts of text-based CMC on online social presence. The journal of interactive online learning, 1(2).
GlobalEdQuestionnaire	Social presence, 14 items	Gunawerda, C.N., & Zittle, F.J. (1997). Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer-mediated conferencing environment. The American journal of distance education, 11(3), 8-26.
IPO Social Presence Questionnaire (IPO-SPQ)	Social presence, 17 items	De Greef, P., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2001). Social presence in a home tele-application. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4, 307-316. [html]
Networked Minds Questionnaire	Social presence, 69 items	Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Gregg, J. (2001) The Networked Minds measure of social presence: Pilot test of the factor structure and concurrent validity. Paper presented at Presence 2001, Philadelphia, USA, 9-11 October 2001. [pdf, 81 KB]
Para-Social Presence Questionnaire	Social presence, 34 items	Kumar, N., & Benbasat, I. (2002). Para-social presence and communication capabilities of a website: A theoretical perspective. e-Service Journal, 1(3), 5-24. [html]
Semantic Differential Technique	Social presence, 24 items	Short, J., Williams, E., & Christie, B. (1976). The social psychology of telecommunications. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Subjective measures: Continuous assessment

Name	Description	Primary Source
Continuous Assessment	Continuous, on-line rating by means of a slider button	IJsselsteijn, W.A., De Ridder, H., Hamberg, R., Bouwhuis, D., & Freeman, J. (1998). Perceived depth and the feeling of presence in 3DTV. Displays, 18, 207-214. [pdf, 591 KB]

Subjective measures: Qualitative measures

Name	Description	Primary Source
Autoconfrontation Method	Continuous post-rating aided by videomaterial	Retaux, X. (2003). Presence in the environment: theories, methodologies and applications to video games. PsychNology Journal, 1(3), 284 – 310. [pdf, 236 KB]
Content Analysis	Coding of (conversation) transcripts	Rourke, L., Anderson, T. Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (1999). Assessing social presence in asynchronous, text-based computer conferencing. Journal of Distance Education, 14(3), 51-70. [html]
Ethnographic Observation	Various descriptive methods for studying sociocultural phenomena	McGreevy, M. W. (1992). The presence of field geologists in Mars-like terrain. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1, 375 – 403.
Experience Sampling Method (ESM)	Repeated, prompted assessment in a realistic environment	Gaggioli, A., Bassi, M., & Delle Fave, A. (2003). Quality of Experience in Virtual Environments. In G. Riva, F. Davide, & W.A. IJsselsteijn (Eds) Being There: Concepts, Effects and Measurements of User Presence in Synthetic Environments. Amsterdam: IOS Press. [pdf, 196 KB]
Focus Group Exploration	Organized discussion in small groups	Freeman, J., & Avons, S.E. (2000). Focus group exploration of presence through advanced broadcast services. Proceedings of the SPIE, 3959, 530-164. [pdf, 80 KB]
Free-Format Self Reports	Retrospective description of an experience	Turner, S., Turner, P., Caroll, F., O’Neill, S., Benyon, D., McCall, R., et al. (2003). Re-creating the Botanics: Towards a sense of place in virtual environments. Paper presented at the 3rd UK Environmental Psychology Conference, Aberdeen, 23-25 June 2003. [pdf, 420 KB]
Interaction Analysis	Systematic analysis of action, aided by videomaterial	Spagnolli, A., Varotto, D., & Mantovani, G. (2003). An ethnographic, action-based approach to human experience in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59, 797-822. [pdf, 604 KB]
Interview	Asking open questions in an un- or semistructured conversation	Murray, C., Arnold, P., & Thornton, B. (2000). Presence accompanying induced hearing loss: Implications for immersive virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, 137-148.
Presence Probe	Various probes eliciting description of sense of place	McCall, R., O’Neill, S., Carroll, F., & Benyon, D. (2004). The Presence Probe. Paper presented at the Workshop on Designing and Evaluating Virtual Reality Systems, University of Notthingham, UK.
Repertory Grid Analysis	Method for exploring personal constructs	Steed, A., & McDonnell, J. (2003). Experiences with repertory grid analysis for investigating effectiveness of virtual environments. Paper presented at Presence 2003, Aalborg, Denmark, 6-8 October 2003. [pdf, 138 KB]
Thinking Aloud	Verbalization of thought processes and feelings during an experience	Turner, P., McGregor, I., Turner, S., & Carroll, F. (2003). Evaluating soundscapes as a means of creating a sense of place. In E. Brazil, & B. Shinn-Cunningham (Eds), Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Auditory Display, 148-151. [pdf, 792 KB]

Subjective measures: Psychophysiological measures

Name	Description	Primary Source
Cross-Modality Matching (CMM)	Equalling responses in different modalities	Welch, R. B. (1997). The presence of aftereffects. In G. Salvendy, M. J. Smith, & R. J. Koubek (Eds). Designs of computing systems: Cognitive considerations (pp. 271-276). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Free-Modulus Magnitude Estimation	Free assignment of values to stimuli	Snow, M. P., & Williges, R. C. (1998). Empirical models based on free-modulus magnitude estimation of perceived presence in virtual environments. Human Factors, 40, 386-402.
Paired Comparison	Comparing the impact of pairs of stimuli	Welch, R. B., Blackmon, T. T., Liu, A., Mellers, B. A., & Stark, L. W. (1996). The effects of pictorial realism, delay of visual feedback, and observer interactivity on the subjective sense of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5, 263-273.
Virtual Reality Turing Test	Discriminating between real and virtual environments	Schloerb, D. W. (1995). A quantitative measure of telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 4, 64-80.

Subjective measures: Subjective corroborative measures

Name	Description	Primary Source
Breaks in Presence (BIPs)	Reported transitions between the real and the virtual world	Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000). A virtual presence counter. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, 413-434. [pdf, 283 KB]
Duration Estimation	Subjective experience of elapsed time	IJsselsteijn, W., De Kort, Y., & Bierhoff, I. (2001). Duration Estimation and Presence. Paper presented at Presence 2001, Philadelphia, USA, 9-11 October 2001.
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ)	Questionnaire assessing simulator sickness, 16 items	Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993). Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(3),203-220.
Memory Characteristic Questionnaire (MCQ)	Questionnaire assessing qualitative differences of experiences in memory, 21 items	Hullfish, K. C., (1996). Virtual reality monitoring: How real is virtual reality? Master’s thesis, University of Washington, USA. [rtf, 2 MB]
Attention/Awareness	Measures based on selective attention	Darken, R. P., Bernatovich, D., Lawson, J., & Peterson, B. (1999). Quantitative measures of presence in virtual environments: The roles of attention and spatial comprehension. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 2, 337-347.
Spatial Memory	The amount of spatial information that is remembered from the VE	Darken, R. P., Bernatovich, D., Lawson, J., & Peterson, B. (1999). Quantitative measures of presence in virtual environments: The roles of attention and spatial comprehension. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 2, 337-347.
Spatial Memory Awareness States	Questionnaire assessing different memory awareness states	Mania, K., Troscianko, T., Hawkes, R., & Chalmers, A. (2003). Fidelity metrics for virtual environment simulations based on spatial memory awareness states. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12, 296-310.
Gravity-Referenced Eye Level (GREL)	Subjective estimate of spatial orientation	Nemire, K., Jacoby, R. H., & Ellis, S. R. (1994). Simulation fidelity of a virtual environment display. Human Factors, 36, 79-93.
Subjective Tilt Angle	Measure based on observers’ subjective coordinate axis	Hatada, T., Sakata, H., & Kusaka, H. (1980). Psychophysical analysis of the sensation of reality. SMPTE Journal, 89, 560-569.

Objective Corroborative Measures

Objective corraborative measures: Psychophysiological measures

Name	Description	Primary Source
Cardiovascular Measures	Measures associated with heart rate and blood pressure	Dillon, C., Keogh, E., Freeman, J., & Davidoff, J. (2000). Aroused and immersed: The psychophysiology of presence. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Presence. Eindhoven, The Netherlands. [html]
Skin Measures	Measures associated with skin conductance and skin temperature	Meehan, M., Insko, B., Whitton, M., & Brooks, F. P. (2001). Physiological measures of presence in virtual environments. In Proceedings of 4th International Workshop on Presence. Philadelphia, USA, 21-23 May, 2001. [pdf, 756 KB]
Ocular Measures	Measures associated with the eyes, e.g. eye tracking, pupil response	Laarni, J., Ravaja, N., & Saari, T. (2003). Using eye tracking and psychophysiological methods to study spatial presence. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Presence. Aalborg, Denmark, 6-8 October 2003. [pdf, 30 KB]
Facial Electromyography (EMG)	Measurement of potential differences on the skin surface as indication of emotion	Ravaja, N. (2002). Presence-related influences of a small talking facial image on psychophysiological measures of emotion and attention. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Presence. Porto, Portugal, October 9-11 2002.

Objective corraborative measures: Neural correlates

Name	Description	Primary Source
Electroencephalogram (EEG)	Recording of electrical activity from the scalp	Schlögl, A., Slater, M., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2002). Presence Research and EEG. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Presence. Porto, Portugal, October 9-11 2002. [pdf, 63 KB]
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)	Measuring changes in the blood flow to the brain	Hoffman, H.G., Richards, T., Coda, B., Richards, A., & Sharar, S.R. (2003). The illusion of presence in immersive virtual reality during and fMRI brain scan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6, 127-131. [pdf, 316 KB]

Objective corraborative measures: Behavioral measures

Name	Description	Primary Source
Facial Expression	Observation of facial expression	Huang, M., & Alessi, N. (1999). Presence as an emotional experience. In J. D Westwood, H. M. Hoffman, R. A. Robb, & D. Stredney, (Eds). Medicine meets virtual reality: The convergence of physical and informational technologies options for a new era in healthcare. Amsterdam: IOS Press. [html]
Nulling	Measure based on counterbalancing of stimuli	Prothero, J., & Parker, D. (2003). A unified approach to presence and motion sickness. In L. Hettinger & M. Haas (Eds). Virtual and adaptive environments: Applications, implications, and performance issues (pp. 47-66). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Postural Responses	Measurement of body movements in reaction to stimuli	Freeman, J., Avons, S., Meddis, R., Pearson, D., & IJsselsteijn, W. (2000). Using behavioural realism to estimate presence: A study of the utility of postural responses to motion stimuli. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, 149-164.
Pointing (Conflicting Cues)	Measure based on conflicting real and virtual cues	Slater, M., Usoh, M., Chrysanthou, Y. (1995). The influence of dynamic shadows on presence in immersive virtual environments. In M. Goebel (Ed.). Proceedings of the 2nd Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Reality. Monte Carlo, Monaco, January 1995. [pdf, 56 KB]
Reflex Responses	Observation of reflex responses in reaction to stimuli	Nichols, S., Haldane, C., & Wilson , J. R. (2000) Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 52, 471-491.
Social Responses	Observation of socially conditioned behaviours in reaction to social virtual encounters	Bailenson, J.N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A.C., & Loomis, J.M., (2003). Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1-15. [pdf, 804 KB]

Objective corraborative measures: Task performance measures

Name	Description	Primary Source
Completion Time and Error Rate	Measuring the time taken to complete a task and the number of errors made in that task	Basdogan, C., Ho, C., Srinivasan, M. A., & Slater, M. (2000). An experimental study on the role of touch in shared virtual environments. ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, 7(4), 443-460. [pdf, 204 KB]
Number of Actions	Counting the number of actions or steps needed to complete a task	Slater, M., Linakis, V., Usoh, M., & Kooper, R., (1996). Immersion, presence, and performance in virtual environments: An experiment with tri-dimensional chess. In M. Green (Ed), ACM Virtual Reality Software and Technology (pp. 163-172), 1-4 July 1996. [html]
Secondary Task Performance	Adding a secondary task and measuring performance	Nichols, S., Haldane, C., & Wilson , J. R. (2000) Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 52, 471-491.
Transfer	The degree to which a skill is transferred to a real-world situation	Youngblut, C., & Perrin, B. M. (2002). Investigating the relationship between presence and performance in virtual environments. Paper presented at IMAGE 2002 Conference, Arizona.